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- THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE
- (S E T I)
-
- Our Milky Way Galaxy is only one of 10 billion galaxies in the
- presently observable universe. Our Sun is just one of some 300 billion
- stars in our galaxy alone. Astronomers have confirmed that the Sun and
- the galaxy, which make our existence possible, are not unusual or
- basically different from other galaxies and stars.
-
- A few generations ago, astronomers believed that planetary systems
- were extremely rare--that our solar system and our Earth with its
- life-supporting environment might well be unique. Chemists and
- biologists knew little if anything about the processes that led to the
- origin of life. In the last fifteen years, however, a number of
- important discoveries have strongly suggested that there is a
- fundamental relationship between the origin and evolution of life and
- the origin and evolution of the universe.
-
- Advances in astronomy and physics have given renewed support to the
- concept that planets are not rare exceptions, but are a natural part
- of the star formation process and may number in the hundreds of
- millions in our galaxy alone. [In December 1984, the National Science
- Foundation announced that a team of Arizona astronomers had detected a
- possible solar system around Beta Pictoris, a star 53 light years from
- Earth.] Recent biological experiments applying natural energy sources
- to molecules have produced some of the organic building blocks that
- make up the chemistry of life. Radio astronomers have discovered that
- many organic molecules exist even in the depths of interstellar space.
- Elements identified in these molecules include hydrogen, nitrogen,
- oxygen, carbon, silicon, and phosphorus. Earth has been without life
- only a small fraction of its age, which leads many scientists to look
- upon the formation of life on other suitable planets as very likely.
- Once begun, and given billions of years of relative stability, life
- may achieve intelligence and, in some cases, may evolve into a
- technological civilization.
-
- One direct way of testing whether intelligent life exists beyond our
- solar system is to search for an artificially generated radio signal
- coming from interstellar space. As an example, ultrahigh frequency and
- microwave radio signals emanating from Earth are expanding into space
- at the speed of light. This radio, radar, and television "leakage" of
- ours currently fills a sphere nearly 100 light-years in diameter. The
- same phenomenon would serve to announce the presence of other
- intelligent life. Moreover, advanced civilizations might be operating
- radio beacons, possibly to attract the attention of emerging societies
- and bring them into contact with a community of long-established
- intelligent societies existing throughout the galaxy.
-
- Either type of signal (leakage or beacon) would be easiest to detect
- at frequencies where the background radio noise is minimal. One of the
- quietest regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is the "microwave
- window" that lies in the frequency band between 1000 and 10,000
- megahertz (MHz). It is reasonable to assume that others wishing to
- establish interstellar contact by radio might choose this band.
-
- The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is not new, having
- first been proposed by U.S. scientists in 1959. Since that time,
- numerous scientific and technical studies have been made on an
- international scale, and more than 30 radio searches have been
- attempted, covering only a minute area of search space. What is new
- today is the available technology. Radio telescopes on Earth are
- sufficiently sensitive to detect signals no stronger than some leaving
- Earth at distances of a thousand light-years or more. The 305 meter
- (1000-ft) diameter radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, could
- detect transmissions from nearby stars that are less powerful but
- similar to our own television and radars. Advances in computers and
- data processing techniques now make it possible to search
- automatically through millions of incoming radio signals each second
- and, if it is present, to identify a signal transmitted by an
- intelligent society.
-
- The NASA SETI Program is nearing the end of a 5-year research and
- development phase, using existing radio telescopes and advanced
- electronic techniques to develop prototype SETI instrumentation. The
- program is being jointly carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- (JPL) at Pasadena, California, and the NASA Ames Research Center at
- Moffet Field, California. Leading radio scientists from the national
- laboratories and academic community have also joined together in the
- SETI Science Working Group to assist the JPL-Ames team in developing
- the instrumentation and the search strategy.
-
- The proposed plan involves two complementary search modes that are
- designed to cover a range of possibilities. One mode is an all-sky
- survey that will search the entire celestial sphere over a wide
- frequency range (1200 to 10,000 MHz plus spot bands up to 25,000 MHz)
- to cover the possibility that there may be a few civilizations
- transmitting strong signals, possibly as interstellar beacons. Longer
- observing times may be allocated to directions that include a large
- number of stars, especially the galactic plane. The radio telescopes
- employed will be the 34-meter (112-ft) diameter antennas that are part
- of NASA's Deep Space Network. The survey will be conducted by moving
- the telescope across the sky at a constant rate. It will cover at
- least 10,000 times more frequency space than all previous survey
- attempts, will be about 300 times more sensitive, and will take about
- 5 years to complete.
-
- The second mode is a high-sensitivity targeted search that will look
- for weak signals originating near solar-type stars within 80
- light-years distance from Earth. The objective is to examine the
- possibility that nearby civilizations may have radio transmitters no
- more powerful than our own. Some stellar clusters and nearby galaxies
- will also be observed. The frequency range covered will be 1200 to
- 3000 MHz plus spot bands between 3000 and 10,000 MHz. To achieve very
- high sensitivity, the targeted search will use some of the largest
- radio telescopes available, including the 305-meter (1000-ft) diameter
- antenna at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and the Deep Space Network's 64-meter
- (210-ft) diameter antennas. The number of targets covered will be much
- larger than previous searches and the range of frequencies covered
- will be thousands of times greater. The targeted search is expected to
- take about 3 years to complete.
-
- Current astrophysical knowledge and the available technology make the
- SETI observing program both timely and feasible. Timeliness also
- relates to the rapidly-increasing sources of radio frequency
- interference (RFI) in the microwave band. Portions of the microwave
- spectrum that directly concern SETI ar subject to allocation to
- numerous users worldwide, emphasizing the need to proceed with SETI
- while it remains economically possible with our current technology. If
- the use of the microwave spectrum continues to increase at its present
- rate, the greatest exploration opportunity in the history of mankind
- may be placed economically and technologically beyond our reach for
- the foreseeable future.
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-
- S E T I SEARCH SUMMARY
- ______________________________________________________________________
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- SEARCH PARTICULARS SKY SURVEY TARGET SEARCH
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Area Coverage All directions 1000 stars, regions
-
- Signal search Continuous Wave Pulses, drifting CW
-
- Frequency coverage 1200-10,000 MHz + 1200-3000 MHz + spot
- spot bands bands
-
- Frequency resolution 1000, 32 Hz 1000, 32, 1 Hz
-
- Receiver bandwidth Wide (~250 MHz) Narrow (~10 MHz)
-
- Observing time per
- direction at each 0.3 - 3 sec 100-1000 sec
- frequency setting
-
- Channels analyzed ~10 million ~10 million
- per second
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- Antenna diameter 34 meters 305 and 64 meters
-
- Search duration ~5 years ~3 years
- ______________________________________________________________________
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- SETI, THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE, NASA/JPL
- 400-265, 9/85
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